Hi Jonathan,
There isn't anything similar, from the brief bit I read on your Juniper link, in the NSX Documentation or on the NSX ICM course.
From what I read service chaining supports some kind of traffic tagging that encapsulates a packet (or tags it in some other way) with an instruction for that packet to be filtered/inspected/acted-upon by a particular service, nat/firewall etc.
I've not seen a feature like this in NSX where traffic would be routed to particular devices then tags or data inside the packet stripped off and it passed to another device on the way.
Regards
Chris